PTLLS Assignment. The teaching and training cycle Essay Example for Free

PTLLS Assignment. The precept and training cycle EssayUsing the teaching and training cycle Identifying needs and planning as a model, discuss one responsibilityOne office/ responsibility of a instructor is to initially assess the savants in order to identify their real skills their preferred learning styles and any barriers or which would come under each part of challenges to learning. This will enable the teacher to plan lessons according to the needs of the learners and in unanimity with organisational policies and the cycle. procedures. Designing One role/ responsibility of a teacher is to prepare teaching and learning resources and activities. This will normally involve designing a scheme of work, session plans and appropriate materials and resources suitable to the level and needs of the learners. Facilitating One role/ responsibility of a teacher is to use a variety of teaching and learning materials and approaches to motivate, engage and encourage learning in an appropriate and professional manner. Assessing It is the role / responsibility of a teacher to assess learners progress in accordance with the requirements of the awarding organisation. The teacher does this by preparing realistic assessment materials (both formative and summative) and by giving feedback to the learners on what has been done correctly and what needs to be improved on. Evaluating It is the role/ responsibility of the teacher to reflect on the teaching and learning process.This involves reflecting on the weaknesses and strengths of the lesson plans, the resources and the actual delivery with the aim of improving the teaching and learning process. The reflection is usually done by the teacher after each lesson and sometimes by students/other teachers. Discuss 2 professional boundaries you I would need to remain in control, be fair and ethical with all my students and not demonstrate any favouritism towards particular students. For example, I should not would need to maintain. give one student more support than I give to the others. I would need to remain professional when in contact with other co-workers within the organisation and not to extend the boundary of my role as a teacher. For example, if something goes wrong with the electrical system while I am teaching, I should not try to fix this myself and rather I should call the electrical crew. Give 2 examples of when you might needTwo examples of when I might need to refer a learner for him/her to wank needed support are to refer a learner in order for them The learner is being abused in any form. to get needed support. The learner has depression issue that is affecting his/her learning process. List 2 responsibilities you have in Two responsibilities I have in enjoy to other professionals I work with are respect to other professionals you I should ensure that all my administrative work such as class demo students assessment records are up to date. will work with. I should ensure that I complete my lessons within the scheduled time so that the next teacher can start his/her lesson on time.

Air France Flight 447 Crash 2009 Engineering Essay

melody France career 447 Crash 2009 Engineering EssayOn May 31, 2009, air out Frances flight AF447 left Rio de Janeiro to take its 228 passengers to capital of France. After sending the last message to Brazil ATC tierce hours after the flight took rancid, the breezecraft perfectly disappeared term passing through the equatorial ITCZ. The aircraft data processor strategy worldly concernaged to transmit 24 fault messages indicating move sensor problems to the Air Frances capital of France Centre to begin with it went missing. In the early morning hours of June 1, 2009, the aircraft dived into the Atlantic Ocean killing alone passengers onboard. The probe positively identified the main ca-ca of the contingency as the pitot underground or the speed and temperature sensor malfunction located underneath the aircrafts cockpit. The cause of the pitot tube malfunctioning was determined to be due to the accumulation of ice crystals around it. Consequently, the aircrafts co mputing deviceized navigational trunk was affected resulting in adversity of different flight control systems. However, the physical evidences rec over from the come vote down site suggest that the main aviate was non in the cockpit during the little moments of the flight. Moreover, bodies of passengers and man were found scattered in the crash indicating the supposition that they were non prepared for a crash landing. The analysis of the incident particulars to the incident that the control of the aircraft during its final hour was left in the hands of a less recognised third officer. In general, the live material body in the empyrean where flight AF447 flew is the main causal factor that caused the pitot tube to malfunction. An some other is Air France continuous use of a particular pitot tube that was implicated in a number of aircraft incidents in the past. Human break is also a contributing factor when the pilot made a truly awful decision of flitting throu gh a known danger zone while others were diverting their route to avoid it. Another is the possibility that the skipper was never in the cockpit during the critical hour as evidenced by the unprepared crew and passengers. Human delusion was involved in the safety design of the aircrafts computerized navigational system as evidenced by the sudden shut-down of the flight computers during the virtually critical moments of the incident. Finally, the worlds aviation industry and associated organizations are considered causal factors for their reverse to set proper guidelines and standards for pitot tubes and travel cross instructions ITC zones.TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction 4The Crash of Air France Flight 447 52.1 Background 52.2 Weather Condition 72.3 The Air vocation Controllers 102.4 The Passengers of Flight AF447 112.5 The Aircraft and its navigational Computer Systems 122.6 The Flight Crew and Human Errors 182.7 The World Aviation and other Organizations 23 raillery and Conclusion 25References 29Appendices 32IntroductionOn May 31, 2009 at 1903 Brazilian local time, Air Frances flight AF447 was on its way to Paris from Rio de Janeiro carrying 228 passengers and crew when it encountered some technical problem. The A330 Airbus flew over the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where it encountered numerous electrical storms and on the morning of June 1, 2009, the skip crashed into the Atlantic Ocean killing all passengers and crew. The rescuers found small pieces of the aircraft indicating that it had landed like a flat hand into the waters with the nose slightly pointing upwards. The results of the investigation suggest that the cause of the incident was a malfunctioning pitot tube that was gradually covered by ice crystals during the flight. The pitot tube failed to send speed data to the aircrafts computerized navigation system resulting in a string of problems and eventual loss of control. Four minutes before the aircraft finally hit the Atla ntic Ocean, the computer system displace 24 messages deposeing the Air France Paris centre of the occurring failures. The last message sent by the pilot to Brazil and Senegal ATC was the one informing them that the aircraft reached mettlesome level 350 three hours after takeoff. The ATC never hear from the aircraft again and there was no way to monitor since the aircraft was out of the radar range. The investigation of the incident reveals some surprising details such as the absence seizure of the pilot from the cockpit during the final hour of flight AF447 and dead bodies of passengers and cabin crew that seemed unprepared for an emergency landing. Moreover, the aircrafts position when it hit the water appears it had lost track of its tiptop while the pilot was struggling to bring the nose up.The weather condition in the ITCZ area is undoubtedly the causal factor in flight AF447 crash since the primitive weather condition rendered the pitot tube useless. However, it could con sume been a successful flight if the pitot tube was designed to withstand such weather conditions or if the pilot took a diversion avoiding passing through a dangerous area. To summarize in a nutshell, three major causal factors are involved in flight AF447 disaster namely weather, pitot tube, and human error.The fol petty(a)ing sections discuss the details of the incident including background information before the disaster, the causal factors that may have contributed to the disaster, graphs and other details, discussion, and conclusion.The Crash of Air France Flight 447BackgroundThe A330-200 Airbus, Air Frances flight AF447, was on its way to Paris from Rio de Jenario when in the early hours of that ill-fated day of June 1, 2009 something terrible and unhoped happened. Brazilian ATC got the last message from the AF447 and consequently all contact was lost. The plane was carrying 228 passengers and crew when it suddenly disappeared over the Atlantic Ocean. This set the backgro und for one of the scald catastrophe in the aviation history, which killed 228 wad. After hours of search and inquiry about the lost aircraft, the Air France officials did a detailed investigation of the messages transmitted from the plane before the accident. Except for some printout data indicating problems measuring air speed and difficulty in the in-flight computer control systems, the Brazilian and Senegalese air traffic control condition account that the plane never sent any distress call at ten-spottions. After about five days of the incident, the wreckage of the aircraft was found floating on the Atlantic. About a month later, several pieces of the aircraft and some bodies were recovered but the flight data recorder or the black box was never recovered due to the extreme depth of the ocean (Kilner 2010, p.121).Sudden disappearance of flight AF447 causing a terrible air disaster and its discovery couple of days later, completely wrecked in pieces in the Atlantic Ocean, raises a lot of questions as to what went revile. Various theories are given as well as various opinions. To unravel the brain-teaser of AF447 air crash, a number of elements need to be evaluated. Since the black box was never found, people have no way of telling the actual cause of the crash. It may be because of the problem reported in the last message or some other problems after that. However, since there was no distress signal sent to the ATC except for some flight data printout of problems in air speed and computer control systems resulting in technical failures, the aircrafts flight control system would top the list. Second most prominent element that was evaluated in the investigation was the human error the crew and peculiarly the pilots who were supposed to contact the ATC in chemise of any emergency. There were also some speculations about an explosion before the aircraft hit the water due to the presence of a long oil streamlined near the crash site (CNN World 2009, p.1).However, the constituting elements in this type of an accident is not limited to the people directly involved in the flight or terrorism, but extends to the prevailing weather, the control agencies, and other people who are responsible for commercial aviation (Kilner 2010, p.121).Weather ConditionMeteorological analysis on the weather condition on AF447 crash doom day revealed its role in the cascade of events that occurred. There is substantial evidence that the thunderstorm and lightening resulted in crazy turbulence, which affected the plane. The first thunderstorm encountered by AF447 was near Sao Luis in Brazil, followed by a dense cluster of thunderstorm and lightening in the Fernando de Noronha area, which comes in the ITCZ, the low force per unit area belt area at the equator. Such thunderstorms can create updrafts, which can reach up to 100 mph pooled up with downdrafts caused by poise air and vertical dry air mixing, which can lead to severe turbulence to aircraft .Other flights that were scheduled to move the aforesaid(prenominal) night on the same route took a diversion of about 90 miles to avoid the storm zone, which encompassed about 50,000 feet of altitude. Then what prompted the undergo pilot and crew members of AF447, even after clear-sighted the trouble, to enter the trouble zone? Would any pilot opt to fly in such a bad storm? This needed a dear thought and on investigating this matter it was observed that due to the small thunderstorm that the aircraft faced in the Sao Louis area before entering the huge thunderstorm front, the flights weather radar system may have got confused and thus the pilot and the crew were not aware of the big storm that was coming towards them. This logical thinking is possible as aircraft radar system works on radio echoing principle. The tilt of the radar antenna beam helps the aircraft to discern the weather forecast. If by any means the tilt of the radar is set to a different angle then it is pos sible that the weather that tycoon affect the aircraft ahead be missed (Ian Gilbert, 2005).This revelation about the weather condition and the radar operation raises another question as to when the weather condition was dangerous why AF447 did not try to avoid the storm and go around it. The satellite images obtained during the investigation showed that dissipated through the storm was inevitable for the Air France flight, as the storm covered approximately 400 miles and was in the route of the destination, making it impossible for the aircraft to go over or around the storm unless they flew back. In such a situation, the further source to rely on for the pilot and the cabin crew would have been the onboard weather radar to navigate through, but the radar can only detect rain and not the turbulent wind shear. It is quite possible that these tempestuous weather conditions may have led to structural or electrical failure that was reported by the machine-driven computer communicati ons between the AF447 and Air France Paris headquarters.It is generally accepted that the weather in the route where flight AF447 was flight of stairs is very bad as evidenced by a number of accidents occurring particularly in that part of the equator. The weather forecast on that day was bad and it was up to the pilot to avoid the heavy thunderstorms they would encounter en-route to their destination. According to the analysis conducted on the incident, two engine planes like the A330 Airbus can withstand such conditions and ductile enough to go around any heavy thunderstorm. However, the weather condition on this situation may be too severe and created some unlooked-for problems for the aircraft (Kilner 2010, p.122).According to the analysis of the Baringer et al. (2010, p.182), there are evidences to suggest that the weather was an influencing factor in the crash of flight AF447. The report points to the large warm pool directly underneath the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone o r ITCZ which was very active during that year. The Air Frances commercial flight that started its trip on the night of May 31 flew over the ITCZ passing an area of strong cumulus towers overnight. Equatorial weather data for the whole year of 2009 suggest that rainfall over the equator and tropical Pacific is one hundred fifty% above normal (See satellite images in Figure A-1, p.32 and Figure A-2, p 33 in Appendix A).Aside from the ITCZ, there were also speculations about the occurrent of a microburst, a weather phenomenon that was implicated to a number of aircraft crashes like the Continental flight 3407 in New York and Delta Flight 191 in 1985 which killed 135 people (see Figure A-3, p.33 in Appendix A).According to McCormick et al. (2003, p.165), weather can play a role in accidents particularly in air transports. For instance, some of the most common affect of weather is reduced visibility, turbulence and gusting conditions, wind shear, ice and rain water on runways, and micr oburst conditions. In the annual review of aircraft accidents in 1995 conducted by the U.S. national Safety Board, weather contributes to 39 percent of fatal accidents while the majority at 87 percent is pilot error.The chart provided by U.S. National Safety Board shows the most usual initiating events of aircraft accidents and the most likely contributing factors. (See figure B-1 and B-2, p.34 in Appendix B)The Air Traffic ControllersIn context to AF447 crash, ATC data becomes the prominent evidence in understanding the most probable reason behind the crash. The ATC details showed that the last contact made by the crew was with Brazilian ATC at 0133 UTC, as the aircraft approached the Brazil Atlantic radar surveillance edge. After this routine message, the only information real was the 24 automated error messages received detailing flight problems and warnings, which was about 40 minutes after the last contact made at the Brazilian ATC. The last automated error message transmitte d was at 214 UTC which reference pointed about the cabin depressurization after which nothing was heard about the Air France 447.On deeper analysis of the ATC communication data that transpired during the flight, it shows that between 2140 hr and 2318 hr, there was successful communication between the crew and ATC. At 1 h 35 min 46 sec, the controller reported the aircraft to maintain an altitude of FL350 and to give TASIL estimate. Between 1 h 35 min 53 sec and 1 h 36 min 14 sec, the ATLANTICO checked with the crew on the estimate time of their reaching the TASIL point, which went unanswered. (BEA 2009, p.33).All these details point towards a strong possibility that the crew of flight AF447 was trying to contact the ATC before the incident but due to distance and bad weather conditions, the crew failed to get through. The ATC on the other hand had no radar coverage of that area and no weather data to warn the crew before it took off (Kilner 2010, p.122).The transcript of the inves tigation clearly stated that the pilot of flight AF447 reported flight level 350 which means the plane had reached its proper altitude after 3 hours. This is the last communication sent by AF447 with the ATC. In case there was a single message asking ATC for help then there might be some reason to implicate ATC on the incident, but there was none (Traufetter 2010, p.6). At this point, even the investigation conducted after the crash did not mention anything linking the Brazilian and Senegalian ATC to the incident except that they have a limited capability.The Passengers of Flight AF447Aside from the angle of terrorism, the passengers seem an irrelevant factor contributing to the incident particularly when there was no indication of explosion in the recovered aircraft parts. However, one cannot eliminate the possibility that someone disabled the pilots and ditched the plane into the ocean. The possibility of terrorism is delineate and it cannot be eliminated completely but since the re were actual distress messages from the aircraft before the crash, the possibility is irrelevant to consider. For instance, there were indeed data to prove that the aircrafts navigational system was failing minutes before the crash. Moreover, the rescue team sent to the crash site found considerable evidence that show that the crash occurred so suddenly that the bodies of passengers were not prepared for an emergency landing. The stewardess was also not sitting in the emergency seat and the life jackets were not used.From an ordinary passenger who may have been travelling through a commercial airline number of times, it is easy to visualize how crew members assigned in the cabin would prepare passengers in an emergency situation. If the imminent crash is known beforehand, passengers will be prepared for emergency landing and will be found almost in the same position and location during the rescue. Apparently, the report says that they were scattered everywhere indicating that cabi n crew and passengers were not informed and wearing no seatbelts (Faith 2010, p.6). This surprising fact is linked to the man in control of the aircraft minutes before the crash. If the captain is the one maneuvering the plane, was he as an experienced and responsible person would not order or inform his cabin crew to prepare for an emergency? The passengers and even the cabin crew were mere victims and not in any way connected or contributed to the crash.The Aircraft and its Navigational Computer SystemsThe Airbus A330 is a in advance(p) aircraft and most commercial aircrafts are generally well-maintained. However, this aircraft model had been frontly reported in one or two cases involving air speed measurement problems like the incident involving A340 flight from Tokyo to Paris, several months before the AF447 incident. Going by the investigation details, a day before the accident, the captain of AF447 had complained about some problem with the VHF1 selection key on RMP1, which was looked into. The routine Type A checks that were done on this aircraft type also did not bring out any anomalies. These facts clearly indicate the otherwise good condition of the aircraft before the tragic flight.Measuring and maintaining the required air speed of the aircraft especially at high altitudes is very relevant. When air speed is not measured right on, the pilot has a hard time controlling the plane particularly while flying in a very bad weather condition. In air transport, the most dreaded challenge faced by the pilots when things go out of control at high altitudes is the coffin corner, the area where the margin of error becomes very narrow. AF447 may also have faced the same fate with no chance of escape.On close speculation of the events that happened on 1st June, 2009 at 3 AM BST time, two main events surface. The A330 airbus reported that it has encountered bad weather and severe turbulence and ten minutes later the autopilot got disengaged as per the Aircraf t Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS). The succession of these two events indicate that flying the 233 ton heavy aircraft and managing the internal condition was becoming tough for the crew at the advent of storm battering the aircraft from all sides. Reviewing the error messages that were received at the Air France Paris headquarters, it was evident that the three Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU) computers were showing different information. This information is the compilation of the data received from the pitot tubes that is then transferred to aircraft computers.Speed is a important factor in aerodynamics. At high altitudes, speed alteration can be treacherous. As the air becomes thinner at higher altitudes, the more speed is required to push the plane forward and to maintain its lift. If the speed is less, the plane will start stalling. At the same time, if speed becomes too much then because of passage of more air above the wings the center tends to move backwards pushing the nose of the plane down resulting in nosedive. As reported from the ACARS, it got 24 error messages from the autopilot before losing the connection. It becomes very clear from this fact that the crew members of AF447 were unaware of the actual speed and various equipments were showing inconsistent speeds.A big issue that comes up here is whether it was a complete system failure that occurred? The fact that during the vigorous attempts to save the aircraft and the passengers the plane was sending data to the nutrition facility gives a clear evidence that there was some electricity in the plane, which is impossible in case of 100% system failure. So that locution can be completely eliminated.Investigating the automated error messages, it included 19 warnings and 5 failure messages. The equipment failure messages included the failure of cabin pressure control, autopilot, and flight controls. The warning messages were about the disengaged autopilot and disagr eement between the air data systems, also warning about the cabin vertical speed. These messages and data powerfully point towards speed discrepancies that happened in the aircraft due to equipment failure. From this standpoint, pitot tube is also being implicated as the most likely cause of the disaster as Pitot tube is a component of the aircraft maintenance computer or the Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS). The system transmit messages via satellite to ground stations which were the same messages received by the ATC before the AF447 incident.Going by reports, based on Air France Airbus earlier incidents, it was identified that the existing Pitot tubes had a high probability of malfunctioning in cold and icy conditions. The problems that were highlighted at that time due to Pitot tube malfunctioning were fluctuating and wrong speed indications, automatic hang on off of the autopilot, and even a faux warning under extreme conditions. On 1st June, 200 9 before AF447 vanished into the Atlantic, the first automatic error message that ATC reported was that the aircraft was fluctuating badly, which followed by automatics switch off of fly-by-wire system. On comparing both the reports and facts of the incident, the vulnerability of the pitot tubes that were attached to the aircrafts cockpit comes out more distinctly, which in turn decided the fate of the aircraft and its passengers on the doom day. A330-200 Airbus had three pitot probes fitted to its aircraft, so it seems like all the three pitot tubes got iced up simultaneously. Most probably, all three of them were unable to tolerate the extreme conditions faced by AF447. According to BEA investigation report, it was identified that the present pitot tubes are certified only to handle temperatures of -40C. From the meteorological details and satellite images obtained on crash day in and around the ITCZ area, it is very obvious that the aircraft was in the bulk of the cloud fields fo r a significant amount of time due to the heavy thunderstorms and the super-cooled water in the clouds may have blocked and disabled all the three pitot tubes.Pitot tubes malfunction had caused several incidents in 2008 and generated similar messages or print out data that preceded the flight AF447 crash in June 1, 2009. According to Hichri (2009, p.5), unlike other commercial airlines which upgraded their pitot tubes, Air France did nothing about the problem. Examining the initial physical evidence found on the scene and the information sent by flight AF447 before it crashed, police detectives said that the aircraft went through a heavy turbulence without a fully functioning flight control system. The flattened and busted nose cone of the aircraft tells the story of its high speed impaction with the water. Consequently, the pilot may have struggled to revive their flight succeedment computers while the aircraft was breaking up due to excessive speed (Aviation Human Factors 2009, p.2).Failure of in-flight computer systems is not a novel issue. In fact, it was the mostly considered causal factor in previous aviation incidents. For instance, the causal factor in the shutdown of the busy Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in April 19, 2006 was caused by software malfunction. The communication failure between FAA Air Traffic Control Center and the aircraft in September 14, 2004 at the Los Angeles International Airport was due to the sudden and unexpected computer shut-down. The crash of Korean Air Flight 801 was also partly caused by malfunctioning Minimum Safe Altitude Warning system or MSAW and the failure of FAA to adequately manage the system. Another is the crash of American Airlines Flight 965, where errors in navigational computer programming are the leading cause of the incident. Similarly, the onboard automating reporting system in Air Frances Flight AF447 sent a total of 24 error messages while the computerized navigational systems faile d throughout the aircraft (Wong et al., 2009, p.1-8)..After several months of investigation, the scenario depicting the final hour of Flight AF447 was constructed. (See figure C-1, p 35 in Appendix C). This scenario suggests that the horrific disaster was caused by a very small technical failure a false reading from the temperature sensor covered by ice crystals (Traufetter 2010, p.1). Since there was no more airspeed to gather and display, the autopilot and the automatic throttle system also malfunctioned and the computer automatically entered the emergency control mode. At this point, the pilot could no longer control the aircraft as it sped towards the ocean at 2, 500 feet per minute. As a inbred reaction, it can be expected that the pilot tried every uphold to regain control of the aircraft by restarting the flight computer, but evidence suggests that he failed. The disaster in this scenario took place in a matter of four minutes after the pilot lost control of the navigation al system due to failure of the temperature probe.Another causal factor suggested by Anleitner (2010, p.123) is the material used in the wiring of this type of aircraft. Kapton an insulating material used in the wiring of most modern aircraft has been shown to decay over time. The same material was one of the suspected causal factors in Swiss Air Flight 111 incident in 1998, TWA 800 disaster, and being considered as a potential contributing factor in the crash of Air France Flight 447 in the Atlantic. When completely decayed, this type of material contributes to short circuit or strong electrical arcing which can ignite fuel vapor.Computers have been blamed for several disasters including the death of 22 American servicemen due to faults in the Blackhawk helicopters computer-based fly-by-wire system. Similarly, an Iraqi germinate missile penetrated the U.S. military barracks due to the failure of the computerized Patriot missile defense system. The failure of the Hubble space teles cope was also associated with programming error that shut down the onboard computer unexpectedly. Much worse is the downing of the Korean Air Lines flight 007, sinking of the HMS Sheffield in the Falklands, and the Nepalese A320 disaster caused by faulty software racetrack a computerized fly-by-wire system (Forester Morrison 1994, p.3).The Flight Crew and Human ErrorsThe flight crew of flight AF447 was very experienced but according to Kilner (2010, p.122), too much experience can make some people overconfident. There is, therefore, a possibility that the pilot of flight AF447 overestimated his capability and underestimated the danger ahead. The fact that the pilot decided to fly despite bad weather forecast is an indication of extreme confidence, which novice pilots would never do in such a situation. A less experienced person would probably delay the flight, re-route, or make an emergency stopover in an airport somewhere before the ocean.There is indeed a possibility of a pilot error or errors contributed by one of the crew. For instance, the first officer and the navigator are all working inside the cockpit and their functions if not performed correctly can lead to unimaginable disaster. The first officer is in charge of communication between the plane and the ATC and any mistake can put the plane in a critical situation. The first officer is also in charge of assisting the captain and can put the aircraft in or out of the automated mode, which if done out of procedure or if the captain is not aware can result in sudden or severe dive. Similarly, any wrong input of the navigator in the flight computer can result in wrong flight directions which are very dangerous (McCormick et al. 2003, p.120).In Air Frances flight AF447, the computer system had warned the pilot and the crew of faults very early in the flight. In fact, 24 error messages reached the Air France centre in Paris before the crash. The pilot could have heeded the warnings and turned back, but he never did and in fact took the chances maneuvering over numerous thunderstorms in the ITCZ area. Human error not only exists in inputs or confusions over a navigational chart and communication but does exist in ignorance of warnings also.According to Faith (1997, p.164), pilots are handy individuals that would likely follow set procedures precisely. However, these trainings and familiarity with procedures can sometimes create problems particularly when independent thinking is required. For instance, a certain pilot for Ariana Afghanistani Airlines Flight 701 flying from Frankfurt to London suffered the most fatal pilot problems a pilot could have indecisiveness. Having years of experience and training, the pilot was considered perfectly competent, but with a propensity to go by with routine procedures regardless of circumstances. Heathrow Airport was clear and most pilots decided to land on it rather than in the foggy area of Gatwick however, the Ariana Afghan flight 701 pilo t decided to land on Gatwick and while nearing the airport, thinking of something else, the pilot was surprised by a thick fog and tried to get away the aircraft nose up but it was too late. Consequently, a second pause killed 43 passengers and all the occupants of the house swept by the aircraft. Apparently, the pilot had a second thought on landing the aircraft at the Gatwick airport He was actually hesitating and this may be the reason why he was not concentrating and paused a moment during the approach.The possibility of human error in flight AF447 is great. Although, the weather is the major contributing factor that caused the instability of the aircraft, the warnings from the weather forecast and those released by the computer system could have saved all 228 passengers and crew, if the pilot listened to them and made emergency landing to the nearest available airport. Clearly, the pilot decided to depart from Brazil despite the bad weather on his route and while experiencing tremendous pressure from the ITCZ area, he never decided to return.Confusion inside the cockpit happens, and in an aircraft accident in Dulles International Airport in 1975, confusion over the approach chart and the air traffic controller instructions brought a descending aircraft to a ridge (Johnson Palanque (2004, p.20). According to Forester Morrison (1994, p.2), regardless if the problem is directly associated with computers, the cause of failure is eventually human error. This is because they were designed by humans and the software test them are also produced by humans.Another problem is human input which in many occasions is the cause of computer glitches. For instance, when an American Airlines jet crashed in Colombia, the investigators found out that the pilot missed one letter of the computer command. This very small error sent the plane crashing into the mountain and killed 163 innocent people. The pilot, the investigator reported, entered the coordinated for Cali, the ir actual destination was coordinates, but made a mistake in one letter of the code which sent the aircraft to the opposite direction towards capital of Colombia (Pfleeger Atlee 2009, p.43). Incidents like these are good example how humans, regardless of advanced computer systems can take erroneous actions res

The Flea John Donne Analysis

The Flea John Donne AnalysisBorn in 1572, John Donne was an English poet and by chance one of the best meta somatogenetic poets of his era. His clears are notable for their realistic style and include sonnets and get it on poetry. One of his most famous piece of work is The Flea. Historians are yet to determine the exact time this poem was written, but as a posthumous publication, it was published in the year 1633. One mustiness remember the time this poem was composed, the behavior of people was a truly conservative one therefore, using conceit to woo the girl, and he tries to break the barriers. The base of the poem is disguised in the form of a simple insect such as the flea representing lust and seductive desires. A very avid base of operations of poetic conceit is used in the duration of this poem. This method is used as an extended metaphor, in this case the flea itself. It is indeed a very joking method of extending the metaphor to bring in life to the poem.The guy is asking the girl present to observe a flea in their presence, and is almost imploring her to think how light is what he asks from her. This is one of the best examples used in this work of poetic conceit. He has compared the flea and the billet learning abilityhin it to them being as good as married. The flea has sucked his race and hers, therefore coming to the conclusion, that, the flea consists of both of their bloods mingled in it. He is very suggestive in implying they are almost more than married. In the olden days, devising love amongst two lovers was considered mingling their bloods, they would have to be one flesh before they could do the deed. So, when he refers to the flee having their bloods mingled already, he implies there is no reason for her to scan no to him. He draws her attention to the fact that now that their bloods are already mingled and mixed, giving herself to him would not be considered as a shame or a sin or loss of her virginity as they are already one entity. He feels that the flea has joined them in such a manner,And this, alas Is more than we would do.In the next stanza of the poem, as the story progresses, it seems the girl wishes to kill the flea, and the boy stops her by saying O Stay where hes asked her to stop, as he tries to convince her that this flea not only contains its own life, but also theirs. Clare Middleton from the English Review has made an interesting observation regarding his behavior towards women saying,This speaker excels in dazzling his female conquests with his wit and intelligence. In The Flea, his argument that the cleaning lady should submit sexually to him twists and turns in response to her unheard words and unseen actions. He claims initially that the flea represents the tiny moral finding facing her (How diminutive that which thou denyst me is) and then quickly adopts a less flippant tone, suggesting that the flea in fact represents the great sanctity of their sexual contract, because were m et/and cloistered in these sustainment walls of jet. When the woman confounds him by killing the flea, its insignificance, which is implicit in her Cruel and sudden act, is the cue for the final twist of his argument Just so ofttimes honor, when thou yieldst to me,/Will waste, as this fleas death took life from thee. From a female point of view, the wittily blasphemous argument is impressive not so oftentimes for its details as for its persistence. The phallic imagery of the flea, which pampered, swells with one blood made of two, implies that the amount of intellectual energy expended in the pursuit is directly proportionate to the physical efforts that might follow the womans capitulation. It may not be politically correct, but it is highly erotic. (Middleton)Once again, using the idea of conceit, he describes in a very metaphysical manner the connection they have with each other using the flea as a center that is holding their lives within it. He tries to woo her on by saying the flea is like their marriage bed and marriage temple, in which their relationship is sanctified and nothing is wrong with it. He hopes she thinks that due to using that as a metaphor, she feels the purity of the deed he wishes to commit and does not look at it as a sin or matter of shame. He extends the flea from provided being the institution of the marriage to it now being their marriage bed or marriage temple.Wisam, in The Explicator published in Washington has expanded on this by stating, Donne fundamentally probes the dominant, male sexuality that the text appears to be pushing the woman toward. In fact, the male speaker in the poem assumes the position of the woman seduced rather than that of the invading flea, whose conduct provides a medium for his contention. The male speaker declares that he is sucked first (3), and the ambiguity of this in line 5 implies that what cannot be state / A sin, or shame refers to some extant to the speakers experiencing pleasure by that s ucking. Mansour, Wisam.The Explicator. v. 65 no1 (Fall 2006) p. 7-9Very cleverly he plays with words where he says,And cloisterd in these living walls of jet.Jet, is a deep glossy black stone. In this case, he is referring to the color of the flea. He generates strong imagery in this line, by comparing a lifeless black stone with the living walls.She moves to kill the flea, and he aptly implies she would be killing him and additionally herself. He refers to her killing herself as suicide and mentions sacrilege if she were to do it, as she would be committing 3 sins at one go, taking his life, committing suicide and killing the flea.Donne has used a solidifying of symbolism in the entirety of the poem. passim the poem, hes used the flea as a symbol of their togetherness, and expands on it being their marriage bed. He alludes to the symbolism of the Holy Trinity when he talks about troika things in one body. One of the very interesting modes of symbolism he has used is blood, part icularly in the last stanza.Blood exemplifys life and Donne has used it to symbolize erotic passion and religious devotion. In the last stanza, she crushes the fly, not paying any heed or attention to his advances on her. He has already mentioned blood of theirs being intermingled in the body of the flea, representing them being one flesh. He admonishes her and asks her regarding the sin the poor flee had committed other than the fact that the flea just sucked a little blood from them. It is worth mentioning here the role of the female in this poem. Her objections are never noted, just reacted to, and she makes a very powerful yet non-verbal statement by crushing the flea. Very interestingly the reader can see the conceits in which he first tries to show the flea being greater than the church, the sacred relationship surrounded by a man and woman and then slowly showing the church and the relationship being greater than just a mere flea. He has realized that she has not fallen fo r his arguments therefore he changes tactic and his argument therein. He carries his conceit through, now giving her no reason not to sleep with him, he argues that killing the flea was an easy thing, as she shows it did not harm them, he claims then yielding to him would have just been as easy and painless as killing the flea.To summarize, this work is a metaphysical play with words, wherein themes such as lust, religious imagery, and playful nature are being used. Donne has used words which allude to eldritch aspects of living in that era which give more than one view on what he is actually trying to say.In conclusion, the poem uses a lot of religious imagery as it helps add a sort of authority to the poem, as Donne has shown and argued that what they were about to do was not only supported by religious belief and God, but not doing it would be sacrilege too. The method of poetic conceit was used very cleverly to extend the flea to have many different meanings to it and add more color and humor to it. Kerins, in another Journal talking about The Flea makes an interesting observation, Donne was the first to have the flea bite both him and his mistress, thus making it a symbol not of the lovers desire but of the desired union The Elegies . . . , 174). The flea becomes a union symbol because in its mingling of bloods it symbolizes the mingling of bloods thought to upshot place during coition (cf. Gardner, 175).

Csr Initiatives Taken By Bayer Material Science Management Essay

Csr Initiatives Taken By aspirin significant Science Management Essay1. IntroductionThis is the reputation which contains about the assessment and looks at the incorporate Social Responsibility endeavors interpreted by aspirin Material Science (BMS).1.1 Introduction to the Case StudyThis incase study is based in the chemical industry and presents the decision of Germanys Bayer Material Science (BMS) to choose appropriate measures of corporate accessible responsibility initiatives taken by the organization and to promote the process of setting up and running a demonstrate in China. The story is centered on Dr Dirk van Meirvenne, who managed the plant in Map Ta Phut, Thailand, at the date of the case.About BMSBayer AG is the counselling holding company of the Bayer Group, which was founded in 1863.Today Bayer is a research based global enter-praise with core competences in the fields of wellness c be, nutrition and modern high -tech materials. It is represented around the wo rld by 350 companies, which trade approximately 5,000 productsBayers global headquarters in Leverkusen, Germany, his agate line is structured into three sub groups.Bayers Health C ar AGBayers Crop Science AGBayers Material Science AGThese are supported by central service functions which are combined into the three service companies.2. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)Corporate social responsibility is related to, but not identical with, business ethics. It is concerned with the ways in which an organization exceeds the minimum obligations to stakeholders specified through convention and corporate governance. This includes considerations as to how the conflicting demands of different stakeholders can be reconciled. Since the legal and regulatory frameworks catch up with uneven attention to the rights of different stakeholders it is useful to distinguish between contr positive stakeholders such as customers, suppliers or employees who take up a legal relationship with an or ganization and community stakeholders such as local communities, consumers (in general) and pressure groups who do not have the surety of the law to the same extent as the first group. Therefore the corporate social responsibility policies of companies will be oddly important to these community stakeholders.2.1. CSR in BMSCorporate social responsibility (CSR) analyzed economic, legal, honorable, and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time with thinking under four stances Leissez faire, novice self-importance interest, forum for stake holder interaction and shaper of society those typically involve in monetary value of the ways organization practices.The Laissez Faire ViewIt represents an extreme stance where Bayer takes the view that the responsibility of business is the short line interest of shareholders and to make a profit, pay taxes and provide jobs. It is for government to prescribe throw legislation and regulation.They hav e shown their commitment to CSR in their objectives. They have long track records of welfare engagement. Most activities are create at the local level by Bayer foreign subsidiaries and maintain public private partnerships which are corporative projects with local and government organization. They are ensuring their acceptances into the portfolio of investment and pension funds that are oriented around ethical principle and sustainability criteria. They also aimed at making an attracting employer for high skilled personnel. They are technical and economic expertness is closely link to a responsibility to work for the benefit of mankind and contribute to sustainable. They are well aware of the value of their 120,000 employee in achieving and sustaining the high standard. They are contracting their employees by recognizing in each country where they operate. These needs may vary along with customs and national culture from country to country. Before they clear-cut to invest in Thai land they recruited educated employees by sending to Europe for one year. This shows they have always been forecast on the development of the CSR to make short term interest of shareholders.Enlightened Self-InterestIs has tempered with recognition of the long term financial benefit to the shareholder of well-managed relationships with other stakeholders. The justification for social action is that it makes adept business sense. An organizations reputation is important to its long term financial success and there is a business case to be made for a to a greater extent proactive stance on social issues in order to recruit and retain for staff, for example. So corporate philanthropy or welfare investment or promotion expenditure. The sponsorship of major sporting or arts events by companies is an example.When employees view their organizations commitment to socially responsible behavior more favorably, they also tend to have more positive attitudes in other areas that correlate with b etter per coordinateance.Bayer group have promoted activities include health education programme and initiatives to improve kid care project to combat child labour, education and vocational tanning. The promotion of culture and sports or projects to make headway cultural diversity form these shareholders believe their organizations describe and reward great customer service, act quickly to address and resolve customer concerns, and are led by people in senior management who act in the best interest of customers. So we can add corporate social responsibility, the CSR meansto the top drivers of workplace engagement. Its also a factor in attracting and retaining talent. And the more senior management is seen to be out front on the issue, the more employees like it.Forum of Stakeholders InteractionIt defines multiple stakeholders interests and expectations. Bayer focalisees on the right societal megatrends a responsible approach to drinking water, childrens health, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly production and innovation are viewed as crucial issues, as are climate change and climate protection, sustainable health care and safety at the workplace. The transparent implementation of these issues is detailed particularly clearly in the focus issue sections but is also demonstrated in the Performance Report.Granted funds to support the organizing, a soccer tournament and supported a direct tournament for students from schools. Bayer Corporation believes that adhering to this ideology and continuously making improvements to their Work Life programs and benefits are what has made us one of the worlds top inventor companies.Shapers of connectionIt focuses of financial considerations as of secondary importance or a constraint, in this sense it seeking to change society and social norms.Bayer intends to contribute to a steadfast business environment, safeguarding the legitimacy and justification for the companys operations while same time strengtheni ng the confidence of board cross section of society in the companys social responsibility, here by highlighted the three main areasBayers have legal obligations under statute and under tort to respect and protect the environment and human rights.Bayer has long track of welfare involvements nongovernmental organizations NGOs to set up local or governmental initiatives to solve a wide variety of social problems.Partners with United Nations milieu Programme supports and organizes a no. of projects, which aim to reinforce environmental awareness and advance knowledge about the environment awareness.Bayers believe in modern innovative technology transfer, creation of welfare and responsible development in their work.Corporate boards should be permitted / forced to consider non-financial matters under securities and corporate law to insure that the business is not put at risk.Bayers CSR commitment covers wide range of activities which, supported by monetary and material donations or co mpany foundation.Promoted activities include health educations programmes and initiative to improve child care projects to combat child labor, education and vocational training, environmental protection, promotion of culture and sports or projects to encourage culture and sports or projects to encourage cultural diversity and combat of discrimination.Responsibility care code of management practices, BMS ThailandBayers invest on pension funds that are oriented around ethical principles and sustainability criteria.Bayers work hard to educate consumers and other actors in society to drive fair trade and sustainable models of productionDonating books and magazines to municipality school libraries, by educating pupils and also providing health care services.3. ConclusionCorporate social responsibility of BMS shows that organizations have moral, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities in addition to their responsibilities to earn a fair return for investors and comply with the law. government adopting a broader view of its responsibilities that includes not only stockholders, but many other constituencies as well, including employees, suppliers, customers, the local community, local, state, and federal governments, environmental groups, and other special interest groups. up to now though they have being proactive on environmental issues they are rough issue on their environmental harm because of chemical exposed. To provide upkeep in the form of green initiatives is obtainable for improving processes, it would be helped them to improved public image, stake holders relationship and reputation. In addition, And all Bayer industries would be pressured to be Bayers lead, resulting in an improvement of air quality (defend on air pollution) that would benefit residents, workers, and local government agencies and industries that depend on an influx of residents and tourists.RecommendationsIndustrial environmental protection and corporate social responsibility have always been inseparably linked at Bayer, for further reference refer to Appendix 1.Developing enlightened self interestGo out of the way to practice showing positive feelings towards others- gratitude, respect, trust which in turn will arouse goodwill from them. Choose some new activities in various life areas work, family, leisure that will bring goodwill and motivate the employees.At the same time, act assertively.In other words, until enlightened self-interest becomes part of you, consciously seek to get you get more of what you want, while respecting the views and feelings of the other people involved.For further,Making available Support in the form of green proposal is recommendable for improving processes, it would be helped them to gain better public image, stake holders relationship and reputation by invest considerable time, effort, and capital in green technology becoming much greener company.Come up with additional funding for Health and Safety of the employees and re sidents against possible injury, illness, and death.Should absolve Bayer by proving that actual air fabrication where were much operation occurrence and reflecting at the side of air pollution, heat and power without funding to allow the EPA to test air emissions at the site and without efforts by the stakeholders to persuade Bayer to reduce the amount of waste produced at the siteIn order to invest in China they should focus those drawbacks and critical situations to be avoided inconveniences and to be successful and pave in China.References(2008). Coperate Social Responsibility. In K. S. Gerry Johnson, 8th Edition, Exploring Coperarte Strategy (pp. 145 148). England Bristish Library Catalogue-In-Publication Data.(2008). Bayer MaterialScience Resposnsible Operations in Thailand and China. In K. S. Gerry Johnson, 8th Edition, Exploring Coperarte Strategy (pp. 677 684). England Bristish Library Catalogue-In-Publication Data.Bayer Material Science , Bayer Material Science online Ava ilable at http//www.bayermaterialscience.com/internet/global_portal_cms.nsf/id/home_en Accessed 11 January2011Bayer Bids to Be No. 1 in Polycarbonate, Plastics Technology, February 2000, p. 69.Bayer, CuraGen Alliance, Chemical Market Reporter, February 26, 2001, p. 7.Bayer Playing Catch-Up, Med Ad News, border district 2001.Bayer Prepares Bulk Chemicals Restructuring, Chemical Market Reporter, March 24, 1997, p. 8.Brierley, David, Bayer Finds Breaking Up Is Hard to Do, European, August 7, 1997, p. 24.Hume Claudia, Bayer Rejects Call for Split, Chemical Week, March 21, 2001, p. 7.Rosendahl, Iris, Out Miles, in Bayer, Drug Topics, February 6, 1995, p. 54.

Aids: Is It A Modern Plague? :: essays research papers

AIDS Is it a Modern Plague?In some separate of the world there argon still wars being fought and dictators in power. in that respect are societies which consider themselves at the peak of evolution and progress. They are able to piss state of the art automobiles, luxurious homes, efficient and organized industries, complex computerized machinery and atomic weapons. Many societies are governed by a democratic system which herald a belief in freedom.All societies, regardless of their political and economic makeup, are also ruled by a special class of dictators these dictators are undetected to the naked eye, and are invincible. These invisible tyrants are microorganisms. Underdeveloped countries, technologically advanced countries, and those in between are at the mercy of these microorganisms, which come in many a(prenominal) forms - viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. The most dangerous of these forms is the virus. Some viruses, such as the common flu, are considered to have a fairly detrimental capacity. The flu can alter a human for several weeks with various symptoms such as bodily soreness, fever, bronchial complications, and even pneumonia. But while these conditions can be painful and frightening, we are usually confident that proper medication and rest will take care of the matter.However there is a much more severe and indiscriminating tyrant, with enormous corrupting influence, capable of infiltrating all of civilization. Scientifically, it is a submicroscopic pathogen consisting of a particle of nucleic acid, enclosed in proteins, and able to replicate only within a sustenance cell. Socially, it is responsible for an enormous amount of chaos and fear in the world today, and pronounces the human fault of ignorance. Can it be considered to be a modern fire?This complex and confusing king of all tyrants is called Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV. HIV is a retrovirus. Retroviruses are commonly identified in many animal species, precisely HIV and its variants, such as HTLV I, HTLV II, HTLV III are among the rare retroviruses found in humans. It is transmitted through blood, semen, and vaginal secretions.HIV is a retrovirus of the Lentivirus group and is the etiological agent of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). AIDS was first recognized as a disease syndrome in 1981 HIV was identified as its cause in 1984. AIDS is a life and death issue. To have the AIDS disease is at present a sentence of slow but inevitable death. There currently is neither a cure, nor an effective treatment, and no vaccine either.

The Haitian Revolution Essay -- Toussaint LOuverture

The cause and effects of the Haitian vicissitude have played, and lodge to play, a major role in the history of the Caribbean. During the time of this rebellion, slavery was a large institution throughout the Caribbean. The success of the sugar and other plantations was found on the large slave labor forces. Without these forces, Saint Domingue, the island with the largest sugar production, and the rest of the Caribbean, would face the threat of losing a profitable industry. The Haitian Revolution did not yet start and end in one day. Instead, the entire novelty took place over a very event filled thirteen years. The start of the revolution was influenced by many other incidents. Including slave revolts throughout Saint Domingue beginning in the 1790s, and other world affairs such as the French Revolution in 1789, the passing of United Sates Bill of Rights in 1791, and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1794.Of the three, The Rights of Man probably was probably the o ne affair that sincerely yours angered the people of Saint Domingue the most. In France, this law was supposed to provide people with the rights of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Therefore, the people of Saint Domingue felt that because they were a French colony that they should be entitled to the same rights as the citizens of France. Unfortunately, the French government did not feel the same, and this angered the inhabitants of Saint Domingue. But the slaves of Saint Domingue did not need to hear the revolutionary slogans of ?liberty, equality, and fraternity? or ?the rights of man ? to plot their freedom. Slave revolts were endemic in every slave society, and the quest for freedom was never far from the minds of many outstanding slaves (Knight 201).... ... were other people who were also essential in the successful outcome of this rebellion. This Revolution sparked a new hope in the eyes of slaves across the world. It label only the beginning of the end to a treacherous institution. For the state newly renamed Haiti, the birth of the first republic in the world led by persons of African descent had emerged.Bibliography Knight, Franklin. The Caribbean The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism. New York Oxford University Press, 1978. Steward, T.G. The Haitian Revolution 1791 to 1804. New York Russell & Russell, 1914.Bellegrade-Smith, Patrick. Haiti The Breached Citadel. San Francisco Westview Press, 1990Ott, Thomas. The Haitian Revolution 1789-1804, Tennessee University of Tennessee Press, 1973.Parkinson, Wenda. ?This Gilded African? Toussaint L?Ouverture. New York tetrad Books, 1978.

Every Child Counts :: Teaching Education Careers Essays

Every Child CountsGrowing up I loved being surrounded by children. Looking back on my earlier years, I realize that t apieceing has always been a desire of mine. As a child I show to my dolls, pretended to be a teacher to my friends, and baby-sat every opportunity that arose. No matter what the situation was, if there were children involved, you could count me in. I love the feeling of being around children the joy they bring to a room is what makes them so special. Children ar wonderful beings that make me laugh and realize how precious life can be. I have chosen to teach elementary age students because these are the most crucial years they exit encounter as they are shaping who they go away become. I believe I am taking my God-given gift of loving others, especially children, and using it to benefit the people around me. So many students are neglected, ignored, and abused because people fail to see their worth. I know that kids are creative, spontaneous, loving human beings and they have a hunger to learn. I feel I have many gifts to offer these children and trust I can have a true impact on their lives. My hope is to learn about each individual and touch them each in different ways. I know I will have classrooms filled with diversity but it will be a priority to learn some(prenominal)thing unique of each student.One thing I have noticed that happens a lot in our instauration is prejudices. Children are so vulnerable to different cultures and are quick to make judgments. It is my job to teach my students about these different cultures so when they see someone unlike themselves they will not make fun of them. Instead I want these children to be curious and willing to understand why people are different because it is what makes our world unique. While I am learning about them, my hope is that they are willing to learn about each other as well. I hope to unite children of all cultures by teaching them to be curious about others, learn a bout them, and appreciate their differences. In doing this maybe we can stop some of the prejudices they may have and build a loving community of people who think about each other instead of only themselves.